Case Study Eastern Kentucky University - 3139 Words

Final Exam Lauren Vescio Eastern Kentucky University Working as a loss control consultant for XYZ manufacturing company, various aspects of information need to be acquired prior to visiting. Assessing procedures for safety awareness and loss prevention practices, while reporting outcomes, and then deliberating with the underwriters. Within XYZ manufacturing company these areas include the following topics: record logs, the number of workers, ergonomics, the hazard level, training and orientation plans, and previous work recovery programs. Developing a new policy for XYZ manufacturing company will be produced through evaluation and modification of these areas. Records and statistics will be evaluated by inspection and investigation reports, workers orientations logs, equipment and logbooks, emergency response plans (drills, enforced safety, first aid), supervisory notes, and safety contacts (past and present) The reasoning to evaluate these areas is to ensure due diligence. This ensures the employer is taking responsibility for worke rs and strives to conserve a safe working environment. Having records prior to visiting the manufacturing site shows the employer is running a program to work as intended. In addition, knowledge of these reports will better help predict and manage future compensation claims cost. The next step would be to review XYZ Company’s experience modification rating when going to pre quote a business is crucial to the whole inspection.Show MoreRelatedMy Countrys Name Is Vsmisly1321 Words   |  6 PagesMy country’s name is Vsmisly. (Its location has been identified as a state of Kentucky). I have promised to provide electricity to my country free from any foreign dependency and at the same time maintaining biodiversity and solving unemployment issues that we are experiencing right now as much as I can by implementing new technologies and using new ways of getting energy. I’m strongly oriented on creating innovations in the country and at the same time I try to preserve the nature for our futureRead MoreGod Was Wrong, Support Mountaintop Removal1272 Words   |  6 Pagesprojects such as shopping malls, airports or golf courses such as one in Strumbo, Kentucky (64). A slurry pond is a body of water used to clean coal, increasing the value of the coal before it is sold. Large dams were constructed near the extraction site, filled with large amounts of sludgy contaminated water, known as slurry. In 2000, the nation’s largest man-made disaster east of the Mississippi occurred in Inez, Kentucky, when 300 million gallons of sludge water broke through an underground mineRead MoreDiabetes Is A Group Of Metabolic Diseases1505 Words   |  7 Pages Diabetes in African American Populations Melanie Barber, MSN Student MPH 855 Principles of Epidemiology Department of Baccalaureate Graduate Nursing, Eastern Kentucky University Richmond, KY November 21, 2016 According to the American Diabetes Association, diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The chronic hyperglycemia associated with diabetes results in failure of variousRead MoreThe Problem Of Single Sex School Essay963 Words   |  4 Pagesstudents are separated into boys and girls classes or schools (Cambridge). The single-sex school was common through the nineteenth century, especially during the secondary school level. Also, it practices in many countries such as Belgium, the Middle Eastern Countries, New Zealand, Hong Kong, and the United Kingdom. Many people arguing about whether male and female should be educated separately or not. Single sex school should be forbidden because it promotes sexism, breaks the law, and decreases theRead MoreSnake Handling, a Pentecostal Pastime Essay1256 Words   |  6 Pagesthe history of snake handling, so that they may be able to h old to their tradition when mudslinging and stereotyping tries to tear down the image of Holiness Pentecostals and Appalachians in general. Snake handling is said to have begun with an Eastern Tennessee evangelist in George Went Hensley. Hensley experienced a conversion to Holiness Pentecostalism in the early 20th century, and with that came a sense of literal interpretation of the bible. He looked to the book of Mark to accept the ideaRead MoreThe Importance Of Effective Leadership And Its Impact On Improving Student Achievement8433 Words   |  34 Pagesrealize their full potential† (p. 19). Therefore, to better understand teacher leadership at each school organizational level—elementary, middle, and high—the researcher will analyze perception data from the Teaching, Empowering, Leading, and Learning Kentucky Survey to determine similarities and differences among educator perceptions at each level. Background and Problem Statement School leaders are faced with the challenges of ongoing educational changes, working to improve student leaning, andRead MoreThe Importance Of Effective Leadership And Its Impact On8428 Words   |  34 Pagesrealize their full potential† (p. 19). Therefore, to better understand teacher leadership at each school organizational level—elementary, middle, and high—the researcher will analyze perception data from the Teaching, Empowering, Leading, and Learning Kentucky Survey to determine similarities and differences among educator perceptions at each level. Background and Problem Statement School leaders are faced with the challenges of ongoing educational changes, working to improve student leaning, andRead MoreUnderstanding Business Research Terms and Concepts: Part 1 Essay824 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Understanding Business Research Terms and Concepts: Part 1 Two research studies, The Workers Compensation Experience: A Qualitative Exploration of Workers Beliefs Regarding the Impact of the Compensation System on Their Recovery and Rehabilitation and A Comparative Study between Army Civilian Workforce and Private Industry Workforce Workers Compensation Claims Management, pertaining to worker’s compensation will be analyzed. This paper will identify the research design used in each articleRead MoreAnalyzing Anomalous Weather1482 Words   |  6 Pagescontinue to study historical and geologic records in order to determine natural patterns versus human-induced changes in climate. By studying historical data and recent impacts, scientists may be able to determine consequences people will face now and in the future. One of the potential consequences of the changing climate is an increase in anomalous weather events. By definition, an anomaly is an irregularity, or something that varies from the normal pattern or range. For the purpose of this study, anomalousRead MoreThe Problem Of Police Harassment Essay888 Words   |  4 Pagesfor The Nation. Wood says, â€Å"The black community hasn’t been lying (about harassment) for the last fifty years. We need to fix it in a realistic, scientific way to where we have some empathy and treat people like human beings. Because we don’t.† In cases where police have been caught fabricating evidence, it again seemingly most often victimizes minorities. For instance, the former police chief of San Jose and Kansas City, Joseph McNamara, estimated that hundreds of thousands of police officers commit

The Exodus Of The Beginning Of Israel - 2369 Words

Exodus marks the start of Israel as a people. They were an extended family, under a dynasty of strong pharaohs. They oppressed Israel and put them to forced labor, for fear of their number size. Still, they multiplied faster, therefore, a decree was issued to destroy them by ordering the death of all baby boys. At this particular time Moses was born, from the tribe of Levi. Although trained as the son of Pharaoh’s daughter, yet, his own mother was hired to care for him due to her placing him in the bulrushes at the edge of the Nile River to not be destroyed because of Pharaoh’s order to kill all baby boys. With his mother caring for him, he grew up knowing the plight of his people. Many years passed approximately 80 when God appeared to Moses as a shepherd in Midian, in a burning bush and commanded him to go return to Egypt to rescue the Israelites out of slavery. From Egypt to Mt. Sinai Moses was a new beginning for the Israelites. Moses was obedient to God and followed God’s pattern – Romans 15:4; 1 Corinthians 10:1-11. He was also the forerunner (foreshadow of Christ) – 2 Timothy 1:8-10. He was chosen by God to free Israel from Egypt – Exodus 6:1-13. This was also the fourth generation since Jacob – Exodus 16-26. The stage was set for Pharaoh to witness God’s awesome power through Moses – Exodus 7-9. Pharaoh stubbornly refused to let God’s people go due to God’s hardening of his heart. However, God miraculously delivered His people from the hands of the most powerfulShow MoreRelatedThe Creation Of The World1206 Words   |  5 Pagesthe very beginning, there is the presence of disobedience to God. In Genesis 12, there is a new beginning. God begins to change the world, that change began with an individual: Abraham. In Genesis 12:1-3, God says to Abraham, â€Å"I will make of you a great nation, and I will bless you, and make your name great, so that you will be a blessing† God continues to say, â€Å"I will bless those who bless you, and the one who curses you I will curse†. Through God’s words, there is the idea of an exodus of the currentRead MoreThe Five Old Volume Of The Pentateuch1048 Words   |  5 PagesPentateuch the five old volume, c onsisting of the first five books of the Old Testament.This word does not occur in Scripture, nor is it certainly known when the rollwas thus divided into five portions Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers,Deuteronomy. The JEDP theory fiferences scholars who believe or doubted that moses was the writer of the Pentateuch. Their view that the Pentateuch represents the conflation of four different sources rather than the work of primarily one author, traditionally MosesRead MoreGenesis Chapter 15 : God s Covenant Of A Son And Land918 Words   |  4 Pagesson and land to Abram’s people as a reward for Abram’s faithfulness. These promises are fulfilled in the later chapters of Genesis and in Exodus. The book of Genesis is the first book of the Old Testament in the Bible, written to the people of Israel. The Old Testament was originally written in Hebrew; â€Å"Genesis† in Hebrew is translated as â€Å"in the beginning.† Within the book of Genesis, the journeys of God’s creations are explained. The chapters leading up to Genesis 15 tell of Abram’s successRead MoreIsrael s Relationship Between God And Israel1409 Words   |  6 PagesThe people of Israel, the chosen people, had a complex relationship with their God. Throughout the First Testament, Israel’s relationship with God seems to take several forms. Their relationship becomes more complex as the Israelites grow as the people of Yahweh. I will explore Israel’s relationship beginning with Abraham, continuing onto Israel’s story following Egypt and onto the interpretation of prophets Ezekiel and Hosea. Overall, the relationship between God and Israel seems to be a disproportionalRead MoreUnderstanding Different Biblical Interpretation, Rather Than, Expressing Personal Thoughts And Emotions Of Old And New Testaments1128 Words   |  5 Pagesstill the command of God to us. Israel’s problem in the Old Testament was not with their inability to keep the law; it was their choosing not to do so. So the role of the law in Israel is especially important for us to know well, because here we examples of God’s own character being expressed in the laws he gave to Israel as they worshipped him and lived in loving relationship with one another. As an introduction to the first point, Moses is writing to describe the law of the Old TestamentRead MoreUnderstanding Different Biblical Interpretation, Rather Than, Expressing Personal Thoughts And Emotions Of Old And New Testaments1487 Words   |  6 Pagesstill the command of God to us. Israel’s problem in the Old Testament was not with their inability to keep the law; it was their choosing not to do so. So the role of the law in Israel is especially important for us to know well, because here we examples of God’s own character being expressed in the laws he gave to Israel as they worshipped him and lived in a loving relationship with one another. As an introduction to the first point, Moses is writing to describe the law of the Old TestamentRead MoreTrace the Development and Change in the Place of Worship Where the Children of Abraham and Israel Worshiped. What Is the Origin of the Synagogue?1595 Words   |  7 PagesSo we can say that the beginning of worship started first with sacrifice Since the sacrifice is practice of worship. which we can see in the Genesis 4:3-4(And in process of time it came to pass, that Cain brought of the fruit of the ground an offering unto the LORD.And Abel, he also brought of the firstlings of his flock and of the fat thereof. And the LORD had respect unto Abel and to his offering). Another sacrificial worship we find that Noah making sacrifice and God is pleased in it in GenesisRead MoreThe Holy Bible and Jesus Christ Essay900 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent set of readers. This incredible collection of religious writings begin with the Old Testament followed by the Prophets and ends with a set of writings. The first five books of the bible best known as the Old Testament best describe the story of Israel from the creation of the world to the death of Moses. The Old Testament describes a special relationship between God and his chosen people and there is a strong emphasis on laws required to be followed and obeyed by all the child of God. Also theRead MoreOrigin of Judaism1145 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion 1: Explain the beginning of Judaism. Judaism originated with three men, known as the patriarchs. These men were Abraham, his son Isaac, and his grandson Jacob. Abraham was born in the city state of Ur by the name Abram. Abram’s father was Terach. In Terach’s time, people worshiped idols and a monotheistic religion did not exist. They worshiped idols. When Abram was a little boy, he took a hammer and broke all of the idols with a hammer except for the largest one, and told his fatherRead MoreBibl 104 Ot Bible Dictionary Project1120 Words   |  5 PagesJenna Erickson BIBL 104-D13 04/17/2015 Old Testament Bible Dictionary Project: Exodus/Moses/Sinai Exodus: Exodus is the second book of five in the Pentateuch or Torah of the Old Testament. It is also the second book in the Hebrew Bible, and is known as V’elleh Shemoth, while in the Greek Bible it is known as Exodus, meaning â€Å"departure† or â€Å"outgoing†. Moses is believed to be the author of Exodus, and it was most likely written during the forty years of wandering in the wilderness, between 1451

Open Family Australia Marketing Environmental Analysis

Question: Discuss about theOpen Family Australia Marketing Environmental Analysis. Answer: Introduction Industry Overview and Service Description Open family Australia as an organization has been in the nonprofit industry for over thirty years providing charity work in various sectors. This organization operates as a limited organization by guarantee registered under the nonprofit making organization by the name open family Australia Company under the section 150 of the Australian company registration act (Achrol, Reve and Stern 2013). Open family organization was registered on 9th June in the year 2007. After registration, the organization was given 116661717 CAN after which the it was issued with 49724845604 Australian business number. Open family Australia has its headquarters located in VIC post code 3003 since the year 2004. Prior to the location of the headquarters at VIC 3003, the organization had moved from one location to another. The previous headquarters locations were as follows VIC 3003 since 27th July in the year 2012 up to the year 2014 September when the when the relocated to VIC 3207 from 2007-10-19 until the year 2012-07-27. They again moved to VIC post code 3205 starting from 19th November the year 2000 up to the in the beginning of the year 2007 November. After all these relocations, Open Family Australia was registered for the GST on 2000-07-01 after being given the trading name on 2nd may the year 2000. The company has used the name open family Australia without changing since the Australian Business Register of Australia no longer sample and update the already given trademarks. The company according to the records updated by ABN this year 2016 July on 22nd. It was found by the Aubiz.net that there are 9 trademarks which mention Open Family Australia Company. It has also been revealed that the trademark number 1043080 had been filed on 2005-02-22 and is classified as "word indicating the applicati on status as registered and operational (Bartels and Jenkins 2007). Other company trademarks include trademark number 1156228 in the "word" category application status/date: "never registered, live", 2007-01-12 and trademark number 1156231 registered on 2007-01-12 in the "word" category implying that the application status/date: "registered, live", 2007-01-12. Open family Australia operates in nonprofit industry which is having other competitive organizations. There are a number of similar organizations based in Australia offering the same services as Open Family Australia thus competition. These companies include, ACNC, IBBY, SAHANZ among others. A part from the private charity providers, the Australian government has also created several charity organizations leading to stiff competition. Open Family mainly deals with the homeless but extends to the other area as already mentioned. As a result of several companies joining the industry, most companies are therefore merging to work as one organization. Open Family Australia in the resent merged with Whitelion. The company works with volunteers who provide support to events, fundraising, ChatterBus in Melbourne and Sydney. Open Family Australia is a none profit organization as mention whose purpose and objective is to support the youth and the homeless personalities within the streets. Apart from the care to the homeless and street children, the company also conduct religious services, prov ide social services, provide peer support, counselling, facilitate and supports the peer groups. The Companys Micro and Macro Environment Open Family Australia is a firm operating within a free open system and draws resources from its environment. Business environment is composed of two categories. These categories are, macro environment containing several factors affecting the growth and development of any business in a free system (Dibb and Simkin 2001). Macro environment is type of business environment that its influence the beyond its control. Macro business environment contain factors such as demographic, economic, natural, technological, Political, cultural among others. On the other hand micro environment contains factors which affects a firm like Open Family Australia but are within the control of the organization. Micro environment includes factors such competition, participants, marketing middlemen or intermediaries, company itself and publics among others. In order to identify factors affecting the business in a given business system. Environmental determination and analysis requires the application of vario us tools of environmental analysis such as the SWOT analysis and PESTELS analysis among the other tools (Dillon, Madden and 2014.). Both micro and macro environment forces affect the free system in which Open Family Australia operates as follows: Macro Environment Economic Environment Economic environment is one of the forces within the free system that Open Family Australia operates (Heath and Wall 2011.). This environment is composed of economic conditions, policies related to economic including the economic systems. Poor economic situation of the country affects the performance of Open Family Australia. The company depends much on donations and funds raised by the public as well as other donors. When the income affected by the economic situations, capital required by the organization reduces. Income changes, to tightened budget, income variation and poor economic development prevents the growth of Open Family Australia as nonprofit organization depending on donation. Natural Environment To provide services to the public Open Family Australia depends on the availability of the natural resources. Natural resource reservation by the government hinders the performance of the company. Technological Environment Most of the operations such as the involvement of the volunteers and donations are performed through online platforms. Poor technological advancement slows down the operation of Open Family Australia Company which most of the time conduct their services through the use of advance technology. Political, Legal and Social The government business regulatory services can policies affects the operation of the Open Family Australia. Currently the government has come up with several nonprofit organizations which leading to stiff completion in the sector. Demographical Environment The demographical environment involves human population. It involves the size, age location, race occupation among other factors. The Australian population has been growing for the last few years leading increased population growth rate. The company deals with the charity working including helping the homeless in the streets. Since the population is growing at high rate, the number of people in the streets increases becoming a challenge to the organization (Hollense 2015). Micro Environment The Company (Open Family Australia) The success of any organization depends on the marketing management. Marketing management on the other hand depends on the relationship between the major players in the micro environment. There must be coordination between the management, finance, accounting departments and other sectors. The coordination between the management of Open Family Australia and other support departments like peer group helps in the success of the company. Failure of proper coordination among the key players may to disorganization of the whole system (Hunt 2006). Competition The organization is currently facing a several companies in the same industry. There are a number of government organizations set to offer the same services as Open Family Australia Company. Apart from the government organizations, there are other private organization offering charity work to the disadvantaged. When the number of organization there is always struggle for resources slowing down the rate of the organization. Suppliers The increased number organizations in the industry requires an organization such as Open Family Australia to form a strong relationship with the suppliers. Due to the increased organizations in the industry there is reduced availability of resources leading to the delays and high cost of executing projects and organizing the charity work (Keller 2009). The above discussed forces affect Open Family Australia organization in different ways as discussed. Even though the company is a nonprofit organization, it is under the influence of market forces according to market analysis. Open Family Australia deliver services to the public members who are disadvantaged in one way or another. Therefore, an institution involved with transaction and service provision operates in a free market environment with various forces. Market Segmentation Open Family Australia is operating as a nonprofit organization targeting the youths as the volunteers. Division of marketing therefore put into consideration the constituents such the population being served, the rate at which the targeted market will response and the management cultivation and solicitation to efforts to meet the objectives of the organization. The organization therefore, should apply the use of constituent codes (Leeflang and Van 2015). The organization is targeting the generation of income from volunteers and fundraising to properly execute their missions they should parlay constituent codes. The company should set a specific solicitation plans in order to gather more support through gifts and donation. The creation of a plan for each constituent code means increased donation from and volunteers from each code designed and properly managed according to the plan. Open Family Australia should therefore, design the solicitation codes with consideration with the consideration of market segments and the type of gifts, volunteers and donors they target. To come up with the a clear planned giving market segment, the organization uses various market segment bases which considers the age, gender, frequency of donation among other foundations to be considered as in the table below. Market Segmentation Bases Demographic segmentation Age/generation, Income, Gender, Family life cycle, Ethnicity, Family size, Occupation Education, Nationality, Religion and the social class of the donor or volunteer Psychographic segmentation Activities of the target group, Interests, Opinions, Values, Attitudes and their life styles Geographic segmentation Involves the region of the volunteers (continent, country, state, neighborhood), Size of city or town, Population density and Climate factors which influence the willingness of the volunteer Behavioral segmentation How often the does one donates gifts (giving rate), availability and donation situation (daily use, holiday use among others) and the volunteers status and loyalty towards the company ( Open Family Australia) The above market can be used the Open Family Australia for the purposes of reaching many volunteers and donors. These four market segmentations when properly applied by the company, the company will avoid direct link with the stiff competition prevailing in the market. Segmentation by demographic assists enable the company to select the best group that can offer maximum donations (Malhotra 2008). Demographic focuses on the identification of the best population. The company solicitation and efforts should therefore be concentrated on a larger population with the youths of the required age sets and gender. Behavioral segmentation deals with the market division based on the response and the reaction of the targeted group as indicated in the table above. This base of segmentation can help the organization to obtain maximum donation and get large number of volunteers. Segmentation by geography assists with the identification of the potential geographical areas. Open Family Australia can use this kind of market segmentation to reach out to a large potential location in order to get volunteers who can help the company to achieve the desired projects. Psychographic segmentation is another segmentation base that can be exploited by the organization to market itself. This segmentation deals with the volunteers perception and trust towards the organization (Peng and Luo 2000). Open Family Australia can apply this base to avoid stiff competition currently present in the nonprofit making industry. Market Targeting and Consumer Profile Target market are the segments or the group of individuals Open Family Australia has decided to as the acquire gifts and donations from in order to achieve the goals and objectives. Identification of the target group depends on the types of segmentation discussed above. Market segmentations in the table above assists the organization to breakdown the identified market target into smaller manageable groups (Natter at.al 2008). The target market of Open Family Australia are the youths in various learning institutions and the working youths. The market segmentations therefore help Open Family Australia Company to customize the gift, donations and the degree of the individuals willingness to volunteer and help with the charity work this organization is undertaking. Market target has enabled the company to focus on donors and volunteers who are willing to offer much to the projects of the company. Open Family Australia uses online platform while creating the volunteers profiles. Profiles help the company to reach volunteers and enable volunteers to inquire more about the company. Profile enable volunteers to have information on the goals and objective of the organizations leading to clear channel for donation. Creation of volunteers profile requires a procedure to be followed. The system begins with the company creating extensively describe loyal volunteers as well as other potential donors and determination of their target group interest. After the first two steps, the company should give clear information concerning their locations and how they can be reached by the volunteers. Open Family as created a website where all volunteers can create their profiles and get information concerning all the projects, goals and objectives of the company. Differentiation and Positioning Open Family Australia as nonprofit organization dealing with the youths, providing support to the disadvantaged homeless youths in the streets. The company maker target as mentioned in section four above are the youths in learning institutions and working ( age 15years to 35 years old). With application of market segmentations the company can be considered to be strategically located in Victoria address code 3003 as indicated in section. Even though the position of the company is considered to be strategic after several relocations. Positioning can also be considered in other way apart from the geographical perspective. Volunteers according to the reports of the company have indicated how volunteers perceive a product in relation to other competitive organizations. Open Family has a distinguishing image and offering that stands out from the competition in the minds of consumers. The company in the recent past has been using a perceptual map plotting volunteers survey data on a perceptual map. . Open Family Australia provide unique services to the youths and volunteers indicating the difference and positioning of the company (Nwankw 2000). The company follow clear and easy channel of donation mostly done online as compared to other firms. The management of the firm utilizers varied management methods. The group targeted group is quite unique consisting of young individuals. A perceptual map is a two-dimensional graph that visually provide information on a companys service and performance position. It confirms the stand of an organizations performance compared to the competitors in the same industry Conclusion The above discussion covers various concepts of the free system Open Family Australia Company is operating. The company overview provides information concerning the basic knowledge of the company starting how the company supports the disadvantaged in the streets. The company operates within a free system composed of macro environment containing forces such as, political, demographic, technology as well as natural and cultural forces. The macro environment on the other hand is made up forces that are within the companys management and can be controlled. The company operates in a competitive industry made of several government organizations. To cub the level of competition market segmentation as well as positioning and differentiation is an important factors to be considered as discussed above. The company should include the elderly in the society for extensive donation as many of the organizations do not concentrate on them. Development of a worldwide platform to enable the organization to receive volunteers and donors from all across the globe. The company should considered extension of the services and projects in order to acquire more gifts and funds from a broader community. The company should invest on the services of marketing managers for increased performance. Reference Achrol, R.S., Reve, T. and Stern, L.W., 2013. The environment of marketing channel dyads: a framework for comparative analysis. The Journal of Marketing, pp.55-67. Bartels, R. and Jenkins, R.L., 2007. Macromarketing. The Journal of Marketing, pp.17-20. Dibb, S. and Simkin, L., 2001. Targeting, segments and positioning. International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, 19(3). Dillon, W.R., Madden, T.J. and Firtle, N.H., 2014. Marketing research in a marketing environment. Richard d Irwin. Heath, E. and Wall, G., 2011. Marketing tourism destinations: a strategic planning approach. John Wiley Sons, Inc.. Hollensen, S., 2015. Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Hunt, S.D., 2006. The nature and scope of marketing. Journal of Marketing, 40(3), pp.17-28. Keller, K.L., 2009. Building strong brands in a modern marketing communications environment. Journal of marketing communications, 15(2-3), pp.139-155. Leeflang, P.S. and Van Raaij, W.F., 2015. The changing consumer in the European Union: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 12(5), pp.373-387. Malhotra, N.K., 2008. Marketing research: An applied orientation, 5/e. Pearson Education India. Natter, M., Mild, A., Wagner, U. and Taudes, A., 2008. Practice Prize Report-Planning New Tariffs at tele. ring: The Application and Impact of an Integrated Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning Tool. Marketing Science, 27(4), pp.600-609. Nwankwo, S., 2000. Assessing the marketing environment in sub-Saharan Africa: opportunities and threats analysis. Marketing intelligence planning, 18(3), pp.144-153. Peng, M.W. and Luo, Y., 2000. Managerial ties and firm performance in a transition economy: The nature of a micro-macro link. Academy of management journal, 43(3), pp.486-501. Peter, J.P., Olson, J.C. and Grunert, K.G., 2009. Consumer behavior and marketing strategy (pp. 122-123). London: McGraw-Hill. Piercy, N., 2012. Market-led strategic change (p. 367). London: Thorsons. Reeder, R.R., Brierty, E.G. and Reeder, B.H., 2007. Industrial marketing: Analysis, planning, and control. Prentice Hall. Wood, M.B., 2011. The marketing plan handbook. Pearson Higher Ed.

Military Modernization in China and Israel

Introduction A little known Third World country in Asia can aspire for the modernization of its military.1 It will be interpreted as the expression of a moral right to defense.2Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Military Modernization in China and Israel – Research specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is the right of every nation to enhance its national defense. But in the 21st century, there are two countries in the globe that cannot aspire and plan for military modernization without creating a significant discussion in the international community.3 These are China and Israel.4 There is a simple reason why the intention to modernize China and Israel is greeted with a serious concern by global players in the world of international politics. The modernization of their respective armies can bring destabilization in their respective regions.5 According to the U.S. Pentagon, â€Å"China appears on track to fo rge a modern military by 2020, a rapid buildup that could be potentially destabilizing to the Asia-Pacific region.†6 With regard to Israel there is no need to elaborate a never ending conflict in Palestine and, therefore, modernization can easily be seen as a threat to other players in the region.7 There is, therefore, the need to understand and attempt to predict what will happen if both countries increase their modernization efforts.8 The purpose of this study is to compare the military modernization of China and Israel.9 The main reason for doing so is to determine how modernization can potentially destabilize the region, harm foreign relations and increase the tension in the said region.10Advertising Looking for proposal on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The secondary purpose of the study is to determine how these two countries attempt to modernize their armed forces as well as the motivatio n for doing so.11 The information can be used to guide policy makers, diplomats, and others who are concerned with the stability of the Asia-Pacific region and the Middle-East.12 Research Question The research question that has to be answered in the course of the study is to determine the impact of the military modernization of China and Israel. The assertion is that the modernization of China’s military will destabilize the Asia-Pacific region; therefore, it is important to find out how this is possible.13 There is also a need to find out what the contributing factors are. The same thing can be said about the modernization of Israeli military.14 It is imperative to find out if there is evidence to prove the assertion that Israel’s military modernization program threatens the stability of the region.15 Significance In recent decades the importance of the Asia-Pacific region has become extremely apparent for U.S. interests.Advertising We will write a custom proposa l sample on Military Modernization in China and Israel – Research specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the past, the purpose of the Asia-Pacific region was mostly on the strategic issues linked to the need for American forces to have a significant presence in an area that should not fall into the control of the former Soviet Union and their communist allies. But in the 21st century, the value of the Asia-Pacific region is more than a location to place U.S. military bases. Today, there are many U.S. based companies that invested in Chinese manufacturing sector. There are many U.S. based companies that constructed their factories in China and many more American business enterprises that are dependent on cheap labor costs provided by the Chinese economy. In the case of Israel, U.S. interest in the said modernization program is linked to the peace and stability in the Middle East. One of the primary reasons why the United States wan ted to ensure peace in the said region is rooted in the fact that there is a need for the steady supply of oil. A full-scale war in the region can harm the import of oil by the organization of petroleum exporting countries and an energy crisis will ensue. Literature Review This particular study is consistent with regards to information that can be gleaned from the literature review. An overview of the information gathered so far already reveals a significant discomfort on the part of neighboring countries with regard to the plan to modernize China and Israel’s armed forces.Advertising Looking for proposal on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, military analysts are already wary of the fact that China has taken deliberate steps to modernize their military forces. There is a concern coming from the reactions of military analysts and officials.16 There is also available information with regards to the explanation as to how China can support an ambitious modernization program. For example, one analyst claimed that China has the economic means to purchase needed hardware for the envisioned upgrade. Analysts pointed to the source of funds and said, â€Å"One of the significant aids to Chinese economic development over the past decade has been the inflow of foreign direct investment †¦ estimates for 2006 range around $60 billion.†17 Therefore, there is not only proof of the attempt to modernize the armed forces but also the means to do so.18 With regards to the U.S. interest in the Middle East, the paper provides background information on the reason of concern. The discussion for this part focuses on the dependence on the fossil fuel or crude oil that are abundant in the Middle East.19 The literature review also focuses on the rationale for the modernization program. China’s history will be examined to find out why there is a need for a modernization program. It is linked to the need to strengthen its military force to stand up against perceived challengers like the United States, Russia and Japan. In the case of Israel, the decision to modernize its military is rooted in long history of conflict with their Arab neighbors. Aside from the need to protect itself from their traditional enemies, it must be made clear in the discussion that Israel had to struggle to maintain its identity. There was the infamous Holocaust that explains partially the kind of threat that these people face.20 Israel is a newly established country and it needs to remain stable and strong in order to sustain its hold to a fragile political position in the Middle East.21 Cases There is a need to look in to how China’s neighbors and the United States view the emergence of a new superpower in the world. It is the rapid rise of China in international politics and global economy that has threatened other countries.22 Although there is no history of global dominion such as the one that can be compared to the ambition of Western rulers to expand their territories, there is still cause for concern.23 China is known for its stubbornness to bow to international pressure. Thus, it can be viewed like other communist countries that do not want to listen to the advice of others with regards to a more diplomatic and morally acceptable stance on a particular issue.24 In the case of Israel, there is a need to look into the core issue in the Arab-Israeli conflict. There is also the need to investigate the perceived strong alliance between Israel and the United States. It is important to determine how China and Israel can continue with their modernization programs without creating reasons why their neighbors must worry about their military might.25 Structure In the preliminary stages of the paper, the proponent of this study will outline the main research questions. These questions will be put forth in order for the reader to understand the direction of the paper.26 At the same time it becomes clear to the readers the specific goals that the paper tries to achieve.27 The main assertion of the paper becomes clear in the introductory part of the paper.28 The second part of the introduction is to outline the significance of the study.29 It is also in this portion of the paper wherein readers will find the topic interesting. The significance of the paper will also provide a rationale why the study has to be initiated in the first place.30 The proponent of the study will link the significance of the paper in the context of American interests in the Asia-Pacific region and the Middle East.31 Once the significance of the paper is made clear, the proponent of the study begins t o lay down the groundwork with regards to the specific steps taken by China and Israel when it comes to their respective modernization programs.32 This portion is critical because it is the evident to show that there is indeed a modernization program in place being completed by these two parties.33 After it has been made clear that there is a deliberate attempt by China and the Israeli government to enhance their military program and modernize it using current technology and the latest warfare tools available in the market, the paper will outline how this was achieved.34 There is also the need to determine if there is a connection between China and Israel with regards to their military upgrade.35 The critical step in the process is to examine the reasons and the contributing factors why the respective modernization of their military can result in the destabilization of the Asia-Pacific region and the Middle East.36 It has to be pointed out that there are numerous nations that embark ed in the modernization of their armies and yet their attempt did not elicit the same reaction as compared to China and Israel.37 The proponent of the study will use information gleaned from the review of literature to show why there is the issue of concern.38 There is also the need to find out the reaction of the United States and determine what steps have been taken to reduce tension in the said regions.39 At the final stage of the process, the proponent of the study will have enough information to draw a conclusion if the research questions were answered and if there is evidence to support the assertion that the modernization of China and Israeli’s armed forces will not be welcome news by their neighbors and other interested parties.40 Bibliography Ambrose, Stephen. The Supreme Commander: The War Years of General Dwight D.  Eisenhower. MI: University of Mississippi, 1999. Boot, Max. War Made New: Technology, Warfare, and the course of History. New York: Gotham Books, 200 6. Buchanan, Patrick. A Republic, Not An Empire: Reclaiming America’s Destiny. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, 1999. Bye, Vergil. 1979. Nationalization of oil in Venezuela: re-defined dependence and legitimization of imperialism. Journal of Peace and Research 16(1): 57-78. Camejo, Philip. The SRI advantage. Ontario: New Society Publishers; 2002. Cordesman, Anthony. Arab-Israeli Military Forces in an Era of Assymetric Wars. Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies Cordesman, Anthony and Martin Kleiber. Chinese Military Modernization. (Washington, D.C.: Center for International Studies), p.15 Dashefsky, Arnold, Sergio DellaPergola and Ira Sheskin. World Jewish Population  2010. CT: Connecticut University Press, 2010. Dixon, Shirley 2008. Organizational transformation in the Russian oil industry. Edward Elgar Publishing, New York. Domini, Antonia. Socially responsible investing: making a difference and making money.  Chicago, IL: Dearborn Trade Books; 2001. Fischel, Jack. The Holocaust. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998. Print. Fry, Robert. Appreciative inquiry and organizational transformation: reports from the field.  Greenwood Publishing Group, Sydney,2002. Fulbrook, Michael. A Concise History of Germany.  New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Gilbert, Felix. To the Farewell Address: Ideas of Early American Foreign Policy. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1961. Goldemberg, John. 1978. Brazil: energy options and current outlook. American Association  for the Advancement of Science. 200(4338): 158-164. Griffiths, Williams. The Great War. New York: Square One Publishers, 2003. Print. Hall, Anthony. The American Empire and the Fourth World. Canada: McGill-Quuen’s University Press, 2003. Hiscock, Michael and Caegem, William. The internationalization of law. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing; 2010. Hobsbawm, Eric. The Age of Empire: 1875-1914, New York: Random House, Inc, 2005. p.17. Holmstrom, L eif. Conclusions and Recommendations of the UN Committee Against  Torture. MA: Kluwer Law International, 2000. Kobrin, Stephen. 1985. Diffusion as an explanation of oil nationalization: or the domino effect rides again. Journal of Conflict Resolution 29(1): 3-32. Koppes, Clayton. 1982. The good neighbor policy and the nationalization of Mexican oil: a reinterpretation. The Journal of American History 69(1): 62-81. Lipton, Edward. Religious Freedom in Asia. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2002. Maanen, John. Information technology and organizational transformation: history, rhetoric,  and practice. SAGE, Michigan, 2001. Magone, Jose Maria. The Politics of Southern Europe. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2003. May, Ernest. Strange Victory. New York: I.B. Tauris Co., 2000. Murray, Williamson. A War To Be Won: Fighting the Second World War. MA: Harvard University Press, 2001 Neiberg, Michael. Fighting the Great War: A Global History.  MA: Harvard University Press, 2005. Rash , Felicity. The Language of Violence: Adolf Hitler’s Mein Kampf.  New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 2006. Reuters, â€Å"China could build a modern military by 2020 says Pentagon.† The Guardian, Accessed from https://www.theguardian.com/international Rock, Stephen. Appeasement in International Politics. KY: The University Press of Kentucky, 2000. Smith, Neil. American Empire: Roosevelt’s Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization. CA: University of California Press, 2003. Stork, Joe. 1973. Middle East oil and the energy crisis: part 1. Middle East Research and  Information Project 20: 3-20. Stork, Joe. 1973. Middle East oil and the energy crisis: part two. Middle East Research and  Information Project 21: 3-22. Tucker, Spener and Priscilla Roberts. The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli conflict. New York: ABC-CLIO, 2008. Waters, William. Globalization. New York: Routledge; 2001. Weeks, William E. John Quincy Adams and American Global Empire. Kentucky: Unive rsity of Kentucky Press, 1992. Wilson, Isaiah and James Forrest, Handbook of Defense Politics, (New York: Taylor and Francis Group), 2011, p.25. Wiseman, Herbert. Political Systems. New York: Routledge, 1966. Zheng, You. Globalization and state transformation in China. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2004. Footnotes 1 Buchanan, Patrick. A Republic, Not An Empire: Reclaiming America’s Destiny. (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, 1999), p.5. 2 Gilbert, Felix. To the Farewell Address: Ideas of Early American Foreign Policy. (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1961), p.7. 3 Smith, Neil. American Empire: Roosevelt’s Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization. (CA: University of California Press), 2003. 4 Holmstrom, Leif. Conclusions and Recommendations of the UN Committee Against  Torture. (MA: Kluwer Law International, 2000), p.14. 5 Hall, Anthony. The American Empire and the Fourth World. (Canada: McGill-Quuen’s University Press), 2003. 6 Reuters, â€Å"China could build a modern military by 2020 says Pentagon.† The Guardian. 7 William, Weeks, E. John Quincy Adams and American Global Empire. (Kentucky: University of Kentucky Press, 1992), p.18. 8Edward, Lipton. Religious Freedom in Asia. (New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2002), p.35. 9 Anthony Cordesman, Arab-Israeli Military Forces in an Era of Assymetric Wars, (Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies), 2007, p.12. 10 Stephen, Ambrose, The Supreme Commander: The War Years of General Dwight D.  Eisenhower. (MI: University of Mississippi, 1999), p.44. 11 Max Boot,. War Made New: Technology, Warfare, and the course of History. (New York: Gotham Books, 2006), p.55. 12 Vergil Bye,. Nationalization of oil in Venezuela: re-defined dependence and legitimization of imperialism. Journal of Peace and Research , 1979, 16(1) 57-78. 13 Ernest, May. Strange Victory. (New York: I.B. Tauris Co., 2000), p.5. 14 Michael, Fulbrook, A Concise History of Germa ny. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), p.44. 15 Williamson, Murray, A War To Be Won: Fighting the Second World War. (MA: Harvard University Press), 2001. 16 John Goldemberg, 1978. Brazil: energy options and current outlook. American Association for  the Advancement of Science. 200(4338): 158-164. 17 Anthony Cordesman and Martin Kleiber, Chinese Military Modernization. (Washington, D.C.: Center for International Studies, 2010), p.15 18 Kobrin, Stephen. 1985. Diffusion as an explanation of oil nationalization: or the domino effect rides again. Journal of Conflict Resolution 29(1): 3-32. 19 Spencer Tucker and Priscilla Roberts, The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli conflict, (New York: ABC-CLIO, 2008), p.15. 20 Stephen Rock,. Appeasement in International Politics. KY: The University Press of Kentucky, 2000,p.19. 21 Koppes, Clayton. 1982. The good neighbor policy and the nationalization of Mexican oil: a reinterpretation. The Journal of American History 69(1): 62-81. 22 You Zheng, Globalization and state transformation in China.( New York: Cambridge University Press; 2004), p.5. 23 William Waters, Globalization.( New York: Routledge, 2001), p12. 24 Isaiah Wilson and James Forrest, Handbook of Defense Politics, (New York: Taylor and Francis Group), 2011, p.25. 25 Joe, Stork. 1973. Middle East oil and the energy crisis: part 1. Middle East Research and  Information Project 20: 3-20. 26 Michael Hiscock and William Caegem, The internationalization of law, (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing), 2010, p.4 27 Anotonia Domini, Socially responsible investing: making a difference and making money, (Chicago, IL: Dearborn Trade Books, 2001), p.14. 28 Joe, Stork,. 1973. Middle East oil and the energy crisis: part two. Middle East Research and  Information Project 21: 3-22. 29 Jose Maria, Magone,. The Politics of Southern Europe. (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers), 2003. 30Michael, Neiberg. Fighting the Great War: A Global History. (MA: Harvard University Press) , 2005. 31 Philip Camejo, The SRI advantage, (Ontario: New Society Publishers, 2002), p.17. 32 Herbert, Wiseman. Political Systems. New York: Routledge, 1966. 33 Arnold Dashefsky, Sergio DellaPergola and Ira Sheskin, World Jewish Population  2010, (CT: Connecticut University Press, 2010), p.45. 34 Jack Fischel, The Holocaust. (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998), p.4. 35 Eric, Hobsbawm,. The Age of Empire: 1875-1914, (New York: Random House, Inc., 2005), p.19. 36 John Maanen,. Information technology and organizational transformation: history, rhetoric, and practice. (SAGE, Michigan, 2001), p.12. 37 Robert Fry, Appreciative inquiry and organizational transformation: reports from the field. (Greenwood Publishing Group, Sydney, 2002), p.14. 38 Felicity Rash, The Language of Violence: Adolf Hitler’s Mein Kampf (New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 2006), p.75. 39 Shirley, Dixon,.. Organizational transformation in the Russian oil industry. (Edward Elgar Publishing, New York, 2008) 40 Williams Griffiths, The Great War, (New York: Square One Publishers, 2003), p.14. This proposal on Military Modernization in China and Israel – Research was written and submitted by user Jace Baldwin to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Miranda Rights

The Supreme Court of the United States of America often makes decisions, which change this great nation in a great way. Often there is a disagreement over their decision: the court itself is often split. The impact of the Courts decision creates discussions and on occasion, violence. This is what happened in the case of Miranda v. Arizona in 1966, this case proven to be one of the most controversial cases in the history of this great nation and its people. This case changed history of this country and left a tremendous impact, which many tried to revisit and change in some way or another. Ernest Miranda was born in 1940 in a little town Mesa, Arizona. His father had emigrated from Mexico and now was supporting the family of tree as a house painter. In 1946 Ernest Miranda lost his mother. His mother's death seemed to mark the end of the happy childhood and the beginning of the troubled youth ("Miranda v. Arizona" 14). It was in the elementary school were Mr. Miranda a chose his way, h is discipline was not acceptable his attendance record shows more absences then days present. He was able to finish the 8th grade but his latter education was stopped by his growing criminal activities his first serious arrest was for car theft, he was convicted and received probation ("Miranda v. Arizona" 14). From then on his criminal record growth to inorams size, it shows that he was arrested and convicted for crime such as burglary for which he was convicted and sends to State Industrial School for Boys at Fort Grant. Only a month after his release he arrested and charged with attempted rape and assault. He was found guilty and returned to Fort Grand in January 1957 Miranda was released from Fort Grant two month latter he was arrested in California for curfew violations and Peeping Tom activities five month after hi was arrested for armed robbery. He was released because the state did not have enough evidence to convict him ("Miranda v. Arizona" 14). Du... Free Essays on Miranda Rights Free Essays on Miranda Rights The Supreme Court of the United States of America often makes decisions, which change this great nation in a great way. Often there is a disagreement over their decision: the court itself is often split. The impact of the Courts decision creates discussions and on occasion, violence. This is what happened in the case of Miranda v. Arizona in 1966, this case proven to be one of the most controversial cases in the history of this great nation and its people. This case changed history of this country and left a tremendous impact, which many tried to revisit and change in some way or another. Ernest Miranda was born in 1940 in a little town Mesa, Arizona. His father had emigrated from Mexico and now was supporting the family of tree as a house painter. In 1946 Ernest Miranda lost his mother. His mother's death seemed to mark the end of the happy childhood and the beginning of the troubled youth ("Miranda v. Arizona" 14). It was in the elementary school were Mr. Miranda a chose his way, h is discipline was not acceptable his attendance record shows more absences then days present. He was able to finish the 8th grade but his latter education was stopped by his growing criminal activities his first serious arrest was for car theft, he was convicted and received probation ("Miranda v. Arizona" 14). From then on his criminal record growth to inorams size, it shows that he was arrested and convicted for crime such as burglary for which he was convicted and sends to State Industrial School for Boys at Fort Grant. Only a month after his release he arrested and charged with attempted rape and assault. He was found guilty and returned to Fort Grand in January 1957 Miranda was released from Fort Grant two month latter he was arrested in California for curfew violations and Peeping Tom activities five month after hi was arrested for armed robbery. He was released because the state did not have enough evidence to convict him ("Miranda v. Arizona" 14). Du...

Geography of the Mediterranean Sea

Geography of the Mediterranean Sea The Mediterranean Sea is a large sea or body of water that is located between Europe, northern Africa, and southwestern Asia. Its total area is 970,000 square miles (2,500,000 sq km) and its greatest depth is located off the coast of Greece at around 16,800 feet (5,121 m) deep. The average depth of the sea, however, is about 4,900 feet (1,500 m). The Mediterranean Sea is connected to the Atlantic Ocean via the narrow Strait of Gibraltar between Spain and Morocco. This area is only about 14 miles (22 km) wide. The Mediterranean Sea is known for being an important historic trade path and a strong factor in the development of the region around it. History of the Mediterranean Sea The region around the Mediterranean Sea has a long history that dates back to ancient times. For example, Stone Age tools have been discovered by archeologists along its shores and it is believed that the Egyptians began sailing on it by 3000 B.C.E. Early people of the region used the Mediterranean as a trade route and as a way to move to and colonize other regions. As a result, the sea was controlled by several different ancient civilizations. These include the Minoan, Phoenician, Greek, and later the Roman civilizations. In the 5th century C.E. however, Rome fell and the Mediterranean Sea and the region around it became controlled by the Byzantines, Arabs and Ottoman Turks. By the 12th-century trade in the region was growing as Europeans began exploration expeditions. In the late 1400s though, trade traffic in the region decreased when European traders discovered new, all water trade routes to India and the Far East. In 1869 ,  however, the Suez Canal opened and trade traffic again increased. In addition, the opening of the Suez Canal the Mediterranean Sea also became an important strategic location for many European nations and as a result, the United Kingdom and France began building colonies and naval bases along its shores. Today the Mediterranean is one of the busiest seas in the world. Trade and shipping traffic is prominent and there is also a significant amount of fishing activity in its waters. In addition, tourism is also a large part of the regions economy because of its climate, beaches, cities, and historic sites. Geography of the Mediterranean Sea The Mediterranean Sea is a very large sea that is bounded by Europe, Africa, and Asia and stretches from the Strait of Gibraltar on the west to the Dardanelles and the Suez Canal on the east. It is almost completely enclosed aside from these narrow locations. Because it is almost landlocked, the Mediterranean has very limited tides and it is warmer and saltier than the Atlantic Ocean. This is because evaporation exceeds precipitation and runoff and circulation of the seas waters does not occur as easily as it would if were more connected to the ocean, however enough water flows into the sea from the Atlantic Ocean that is water level does not fluctuate much. Geographically, the Mediterranean Sea is divided into two different basins- the Western Basin and the Eastern Basin. The Western Basin extends from the Cape of Trafalgar in Spain and the Cape of Spartel in Africa in the west to Tunisias Cape Bon in the east. The Eastern Basin stretches from the  eastern boundary of the Western Basin to the coasts of Syria and Palestine. In total, the Mediterranean Sea borders 21 different nations as well as several different territories. Some of the nations with borders along the Mediterranean include Spain, France, Monaco, Malta, Turkey, Lebanon, Israel, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, and Morocco. It also borders several smaller seas and is home to over 3,000 islands. The largest of these islands are Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Cyprus, and Crete. The topography of the land surrounding the Mediterranean Sea is varied and there is an extremely rugged coastline in is northern areas. High mountains and steep, rocky cliffs are common here, though in other areas the coastline is flatter and dominated by desert. The temperature of the Mediterraneans water also varies but in general, it is between 50 F and 80 F (10 C and 27 C).​ Ecology of and Threats to the Mediterranean Sea The Mediterranean Sea has a large number of different fish and mammal species that are mainly derived from the Atlantic Ocean. However, because the Mediterranean is warmer and saltier than the Atlantic, these species have had to adapt. Harbor porpoises, Bottlenose Dolphins, and Loggerhead Sea Turtles are common in the sea. There are a number of threats to the  biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea, though. ​Invasive species are one of the most common threats as ships from other regions often bring in non-native species and Red Sea water and species enter the Mediterranean at the Suez Canal. Pollution is also a problem as cities on the coasts of the Mediterranean have dumped chemicals and waste into the sea in recent years. Overfishing is another threat to the Mediterranean Seas biodiversity and ecology as is tourism because both are putting strains on the natural environment. References: How Stuff Works. (n.d.). How Stuff Works - The Mediterranean Sea. Retrieved from: http://geography.howstuffworks.com/oceans-and-seas/the-mediterranean-sea.htm

DRIVING WITH STRESS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

DRIVING WITH STRESS - Essay Example Of course driving while stressed (and the stress does not just have to be from the traffic) has a lot of psychological factors and implications involved. This is what is often labelled as traffic psychology .The study of this area allows us to explain our driving reactions and behaviours more rationally .When we are driving the vehicle becomes an extension of our body and our thoughts and frustrations start leaking out in the way we operate the vehicle. For example using the car horn constantly and driving the steering wheel aggressively mean that there is some pent up anger or stress with in our minds and bodies. Trying to overtake other people's cars may mean that deep inside we are resenting the stress in some other part of our lives where there is possible we resent being dominated. "Perceived control was a significant negative predictor of state driver stress in high traffic congestion, and it approached significance as a negative predictor of state stress in the low congestion condition. Occupational stress only predicted state driver stress in low traffic. ... No gender differences in state driver stress were found."3 As humans we react differently to different social situations and then develop explanations for their actions and reactions. Every time we are faced with a decision or any kind of an encounter or interaction the mind starts adopting itself to our situation and thus we suffer from stress from new situations which our brain is not programmed to process. Driving stress is one of the reasons for such lapses in the programmed line of thought when an intervening act like the incidental cues we need to pick up in traffic challenge us. There are a number of factors which may define the reasons for our reactions in times of stress. Stress is dangerous for drivers as it may kill or cause accidents or further bodily disorders. What is necessary for the drivers is to use coping strategies to eliminate or counter "driver stress". What is "Driver stress" then Driver stress is defined by increased "aggression and alertness, a dislike of driving, and frustration and irritation elicited by interaction with other road-users, in particular in relation to overtaking. It is associated with life stresses and health and emotional problems and affects the driver's road safety."4 According to academics an analysis of the reasons for fatigue and stress amongst drivers reveals that there are multiple factors like the distance travelled, or sleeping disorders, worry and emotional stress, related to work or to life events; or road rage5. Psychological and medical analysts suggest that stress is not always a product of fatigue and the two are very much different. It also has to be noted is that stress is not always brought on

Trinidad and Tobago is a good country to do Internation Business with Term Paper

Trinidad and Tobago is a good country to do Internation Business with - Term Paper Example Considering that it is currently on an economic high, Trinidad and Tobago is a good country to do international business with. Trinidad and Tobago has the highest per capita income in terms of direct foreign investments in the region. There are more than 150 firms that have already established businesses in the country. These companies include Coca Cola, Johnson & Johnson, Citicorp, Fujitsu and PricewaterhouseCoopers (International Monetary Fund 4). Currently, the country is enjoying its highest foreign investments opportunities in history. Fueling the high levels of foreign direct investment is the country’s expansion of its energy sector. Trinidad and Tobago also offers a warm, diverse and stable business climate, which is contrary to the unpredictability witnessed in other Caribbean countries. The country also boasts a diverse cultural setting that makes it easy for locals and foreign investors to set up and carry out business activities (Rojas-Suarez and Elias 17). The bus iness environment in Trinidad and Tobago makes it an ideal country to do international business with. The country’s socio-economic, cultural and political structure sets it apart from its neighbors in the Caribbean since it offers excellent investment opportunities for both big and small international businesses. ... The country is also considered to be the most industrialized in the Caribbean and Latin America region (International Monetary Fund 7). Trinidad and Tobago has not always been an investor’s choice of business destination. The twin islands of Trinidad and Tobago were Spanish colonies before they fell into British authority during the early 19th century. At the time, much of the country’s economy was pegged on its sugarcane industry which came to near collapse following the emancipation of slaves in 1834. However, the importation of plantation workers soon revived the sugar industry and enhanced the coca industry. A further boost to the country’s economy was realized with the discovery of oil reserves in 1910. Trinidad and Tobago gained its independence from the British in 1962 and has been expanding its economic opportunities ever since (Rojas-Suarez and Elias 176). There are two major ethnic groups in Trinidad and Tobago: Indian and African. The Indians make up 4 0% of the total population while Africans are about 37% of the population. People of mixed ethnicity make up about 21 percent of the population. According to July 2011 estimates, the country has a population of about 1,227,500 people. A majority of the country’s citizens lie in the 15-64 years age bracket. This means that the labor market is quit big in the country. 14% of the total population can be found in the urban areas, with many being in the country’s capital, Port of Spain (CIA World Factbook). This is because the majority of the country’s industries and businesses are based in the urban areas. Many of the people of Trinidad and Tobago are either Christian or Hindu. However there is a sizable number (less than 20 percent) who profess the Muslim

Changes In The Land By Cronon Review Essay Example for Free

Changes In The Land By Cronon Review Essay Changes in the Land by William Cronon offers countless intimate observations and gatherings regarding the ecology of New England and the encounters between the colonists and the native americans. Cronon interprets and analyzes the different happenings in New Englands plant and animal environments that occurred with the shift from Indian to European dominance. As the distant world and inhabitants of Europe were introduced to North Americas ecosystem, the boundaries between the two were blurred. Cronon uses an arsenal of evidence to discuss the circumstances that brought upon drastic ecological consequences following European contact with New England. Cronon made use of reports and records in addition to scientific data as evidence for his arguments. Court records, town hall records, descriptions by travelers, surveyor records, etc. proved invaluable to Cronons arguments. Europeans saw the land from an economic standpoint and tended to focus upon merchantable commodities, ignoring economically insignificant aspects of nature. Cronon stated that the environment the Europeans first encountered in New England stunned them. Early descriptions were restricted to the coastline, but the accounts all agreed on the astounding level of animal and plant life in New England. The european settlers were not used to so much untamed land, as landscape for hunting in England was reserved to large landowners and the Crown. Heavy forests covered the New England terrain, which was also new to the settlers, as England had exhausted most of its timber as fuel. European settlers were struck by the absence of domesticated animals, which played a vital role in European agriculture. The European settlers and the Indians had different values on life and had differing opinions on how they should use the land around them. According to Cronon, Many  European visitors were struck by what seemed to them the poverty of Indians who lived in the midst of a landscape endowed so astonishingly with  abundance The Europeans often criticized the Indian way of life. They failed to understand why the Indians willingly went hungry during the winter months when they knew food scarcity was impending. The settlers were impressed by the frequent burnings the Indians performed in the f orest, which allowed for better hunting grounds and planting fields. However, the settlers criticized the division of labor between the Indian males and females. The Europeans practiced land ownership, while most Indians believed merely in territorial rights. To the Indians, people owned what they made with their own hands. Agricultural fields, gathering areas, and fishing sites could be owned, but unique patterns were formed for the hunting of different animals. The settlers were either granted their land by the crown, or they purchased it from the natives. This very act by the crown of granting land with no consideration of prior ownership demonstrates both the views of Europeans towards land-use and their disregard for the Indians claims to it. Instead of the seasonal migration that the Indians practiced, European settlers strove to improve the land. This meant a greater use of agriculture than the Indians. The use of livestock such as cattle, hogs, and sheep to the environment was also introduced. The Europeans destroyed large swaths of forest in order to provide space for crops and pasture. Forests were used for fences, ships masts, potash, and fuel. Deforestation killed Indian hunting grounds, forever changing their way of life. Deforestation altered microclimates, hydrology, and soil mechanics. Swamps developed in previously dry places, promoting disease in those areas. Trade had a profound affect on the area, forcing Indians to put prices on certain items for the first time. Europeans traded wampum from the Long Island Sound up  into New England in exchange for products such as furs. Indian economies were now tied to international markets, and they had an incentive to produce more than just self-sufficient numbers of products. Technology also made hunting increasingly easier. Animal populations in New England were strained, and in several instances were overhunted. The fur trade in the north dried up by the end of the 17th century, and even the deer populations were diminishing. As trade goods dried up, Indians were forced to give up their only remaining  commodity-land. By far the most dangerous organisms that the Europeans carried to America were diseases. The first recorded epidemic in New England took place in the south in 1616. Depopulation promoted conditions of turmoil while also justifying the European seizure of Indian lands. As the Indian populations diminished, edges returned to the forest, further harming the local animal populations. Attacks by colonists and intertribal warfare concentrated Indians into denser, more permanent settlements, which promoted the spread of disease. Invasions by European animals required that the Indians build fences to protect their crops. Now living in permanent, fenced-in, and densely populated settlements, the Indian way of life was more similar to that of Europe than to their original way of life.

F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby - Symbols and Symbolism :: Great Gatsby Essays

Symbolism in The Great Gatsby Symbolism is what makes a story complete.   In "The Great Gatsby" Fitzgerald cleverly uses symbolism.   Virtually anything in the novel can be taken as a symbol, from the weather, to the colors of clothing the characters wear.   There are three main symbols used in The Great Gatsby, they are The East and West Egg, the green light at the end of Daisy's dock, and the eyes of Dr.T.J. Eckleburg.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the most important symbols in the novel is class and social   standing. It is like a barrier for almost every character. East and West Eggs act as a symbol of this by its physical makeup. Tom and Daisy live on the   East which is far more refined and consists of people with more money and a higher social status. East Egg also represents the "old money." Nick and   Gatsby are on the West, which is for people who don't have any real standing, even if they have money.   The West Egg represents the "new money."   The green light shines from the East Egg to the West Egg luring Gatsby towards what he has always wanted. And Daisy, the woman that Gatsby has always wanted but   never gets, lives on East Egg. There is also a barrier of water between the two cities that keeps people like Daisy and Gatsby apart from one another and keeps them from reaching their goals and what they want in life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another symbol used in the novel was colors.   The first was the green   light.   The light was only a light, however to Gatsby it becomes his dream   for the future.   The light symbolizes hope and dream.   The dream is Daisy.   Gatsby buys the house across the bay so he can see the Buchanan's light.   Later in the story when Gatsby has Daisy the importance of the light   diminishes.   The color yellow in the story often represents death.   Myrtle   dies after being hit by a yellow car.   Another example of yellow representing death is the scene just before Gatsby enters the pool, "He shook his head and in a moment disappeared among the yellowing trees" (Fitzgerald 169).   This   shows that he was about to die just as the leaves in the tree were.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The final symbol used in the story is the eyes of Dr. T.J. Eckleburg.   Until George Wilson decides that they are the eyes of God, they are simply   viewed as an unexplained image, as they stare down on the valley of ashes.   The eyes could mean anything to the observer, but they often make them

Human Capital, Inequality and Growth in Transition Economies Essay

Human Capital can be defined as the accumulation of competences and knowledge in individuals gained through education and experience, not forgetting their personality attributes. All these put together enable individuals effectivley perform profitable and revenue generating economic activities. Such competent persons in a society are at times reffered to as a workforce or laborforce. Some examples of investments in humans that result in human capital are education, health and training. As Becker says, human capital investments raise the earning ability of individuals, improve health and add to an individuals’ good habits. The term inequality generally refers to disparities in access to opportunities or resources amongst individuals, groups or even countries. Some of the common causes of inequality are; gender, race, age, geographical location and even cultural practices. Inequality normally results in observable differences in levels of growth and development of individuals or from one society to another. Education is the process through which individuals are able to acquire basic skills necessary for life. It is the understanding and interpretation of knowledge that empowers individuals to develop a logical and rational mind. The rational mind is then is able to determine relationships amongts pertinent variables, thereby fostering understanding. Education involves completing curriculum based fixed time achievements, aimed at building professional capabilities. At the individual level, it develops the capabilities and potentials of the individual so as to prepare them to be successful in a specific society or culture. In this case therefore, education serves an individuals’developmental needs. When education happens at the societal level, it is thus defined as a process by which society transmits to new members the values, beliefs, knowledge and symbollic expressions that make communication possible within that society. In this sense, education serves a social and cultural function. Roland (2000) says that transition economics, also known as transformation economics refers to a state whereby economies have gradually changed over from socialism to capitalism, an example being the former socialist economies. There is a shift from standardized prices and monetary theories to institutions geared towards a higher efficiency. This transition can only thrive if there is sustained government and political support. The Soviet Union in full, is known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), It was characterised by a single communist political party, a planned economy and the KGB security agency which closely monitored activities within the union. USSR was formed in December 1922 and by 1956, it was comprised of 15 countries with Moscow being the capital city. The fifteen countries included; Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. Dissolution of USSR begun in 1985 and continued upto 1991, with the fifteen member states gaining their independence a few months before the Soviet Union collapsed in late 1991. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, restructuring of the administrative functions and development of a market based system was immediately embarked on through Yeltsins’ shock program. The aim was to improve standards of living, ensure equitable resource allocation, create new production avenues, promote liberalization, and provide incentives through privatization activities. However, a free and liberalised market did not come without ny challenges. By 1992 Russia suffered a deppressed life expectancy, twenty five percent of the population lived in abject poverty, there were low birthrates, and a downward sloping Gross Domestic Product (GDP). However, due to increased investment activities, exploitatation of valuable natural resources and increased business development activites, the economy begun to make significant improvement. The aim of this paper is to explore how education as a factor of human capital and inequality influenced growth in transition economies, with respect to the former Soviet Union countries (FSU). Theoretical research Human capital with regard to education and levels of inequality both have an impact on the growth experienced in transition economies. This growth is therefore an end result of quality educational investments and equitable distribution and allocation of vital resources across a country. Such a hypothesis makes growth the dependent variable whose outcome is influenced by two independent variables namely; education and inequality. Observation of growth and development trends in transition economies and the developing world, have shown that education can have both positive and negative impacts on an economy. One of the positive impacts is that persons who possess the relevant knowledge and skills required by organizations are able to access better job opportunities as opposed to those who are poorly educated. In addition, high levels of education enable individuals to secure jobs in other countries, thus helping to alleviate the problem of unemployement in their mother country. Spagat (2002) observed that during Russia’s transition, intellectual individuals were more motivated to pursue more education opportunities and in return, became very successful in their careers. In regard to the economic transition in the former Soviet Union countries (FSU), educated parents who still held education in high esteem, were very focused on ensuring that their children acquired the same level of education as them or even higher. While on the other hand those parents who viewed education as a burden rather than an investment focused on the bare minimum, that is, basic education. The result of this attitude was that these particular families remained trapped at a basic education level and so was their access to income generating opportunities. Through education and training, individuals acquire problem solving skills and entrepreneur management skills which inturn, help them set up and operate successful ventures, in the process creating employment opportunities. In addition, as the field of education grows within a country with more universities, colleges, high schools and primary schools being constructed, more job opportunities are created in the education sector. Persons who are well educated are likely to secure better paying jobs, which inturn increases their purchasing power plus it increases the demand for goods and services available in the economy. The net effect of this, is creation of more job opportunites in the production and service sectors. These persons are able to improve their standards of living including those of their dependants. In addition, issues of health and fertility are decided upon from a knowledgeable point, (Newell and Reilly, 1999). Through education, individuals are exposed to society and they acquire important attributes and values that can help them enhance their capacity to interact and relate with other persons in society. As a result, they able to adapt and cope with the dynamics of the workplace. Last but not least, education as a contributor to human capital enhances economic growth and development in a country, since the human capital is equipped on how to exploit the countrys’natural resources profitably. Countries lacking this human capital are neither able to exploit their resources adequately, nor are they able to develop their economy at the desired pace. Barro (1998) argues that human capital enhances absorption and application of superior technologies from other countries. Young and educated persons under the guidance of the older folk are able to conduct research and development. The improved technology in a transitional economy enhances the speed and quality of production of goods and services, through improved and more cost efficient work processes. The young industries are in turn able to meet rising demands, both domestic and foreign hence increasing their revenues and taxes to the government. Munich et al (1999), argue that in a transition economy, government support and positive attitude towards investments in human capital is essential. The government has to allocate funds for example for building schools and also for enticing people to enroll in this schools. However, the maintenance of the enrollment levels is a continued process whose economic benefits are only realised over time as was seen in the Czech Republic. In support of this argument, Spagat (1995) warns that it is even though human capital takes years to accumulate, it actually takes a very short while to deteriorate, hence governments cannot afford to postpone this investment, even temporarily. The governments must ensure that education and other skills are transferred effectively from one generation to the next. Restructuring of education, needs to be done from the very beginning of the transition from socialism, in order to immediately improve educations’ quality. There is a multiplier effect that comes with better quality education. The first being an increased access to job opportunities, higher wages and consequently more tax revenue for the government. The major effect however, is that it sets the standards for future generations, both in terms of quality of education and future incomes, (Spagat, 2002). Fan et al (1999) said that the young people of Russia during the transition had little or no motivation to put effort to pursue education. This is because the education system had not been restructured to match the market-oriented system and therefore the returns were not high. World Bank (1995) accused Russia of concentrating on spewing out scientists and engineers instead of producing a mixture of professionals who would support the different sectors of Russia’s’ economy. They only increased between 1991 and 1994, but this human capital investment deteriorated again by 1996, (Brainerd (1998). In order to make ends meet, many dropped out of school and opted for jobs such as taxi drivers, street vendors and some even joined the Mafioso for a quick buck. All was not lost however, when we remember individuals like the Hungarian–American entrepreneur George Soros, who provided funds that would help these countries implement reforms for a better future. OECD (1996) advised that schools and tertiary institutions should not be the only avenues through which education is attained. OECD (1996) advised that adult learning should be encouraged in order to help the older generations access more income. In addition, pre-schooling of children below the age of formal schooling, which was a common feature of the FSU countries fostered child development and also prepared these children for formal education. In these former Soviet Union countries, the major advantage of pre-schooling their young children was in the fact that it freed the women to participate in economic activities, and it also reduced education disparities between children of the educated parents and those of the less educated parents. Micklewright (2000) wrote that investment in learning institutions ensures sustained educational gains. For example, in some of the Soviet Union countries, teachers earned wages so low that they spent their time looking for more income instead of teaching. In addition, repair and maintenance of the buildings was neglected and with lack of heating during winter, schools would be closed. The other problem was the shortage of textbooks. However, these countries tried to salvage the situation by offering meals at school between 1989 and 1996, in order to entice parents to take their children back to school. In countries such as, Yugoslavia, Armenia, Georgia, Tajikistan and Albania, the transition was characterised by serious geographical disparities caused by war, civil and ethnic strife. Facilities were destroyed, hundreds of families were displaced out of their homes and schools were closed, (World Bank, 1997b), thus slowing down the ongoing projects. Human capital is vital for growth of transition economies. Growth should be stimulated across all sectors of the economy and in each part of the country so as to rapidly raise the standards of living and reduce inequalities between urban and rural areas. Keen interest should be paid especially to rural areas, in order to eliminate the possibility of mushrooming of pockets of poverty across the country. According to Flemming and Micklewright (1999), ensuring that access to education is recognized by FSU countries as a human right as stipulated in international law, will greatly boost growth of human capital. Equal rights promote equal access to opportunities and it also reduces discrimination based on gender, race, religion or economic status. Income inequality rose in the Czech Republic and Russia and was very high between 1988 and 1996. In order to support a transition economy, Spagat (2002) suggests that a balance should be created between skilled and unskilled labour. This is because most young people either worked on a full time basis and neglected pursuit of higher education, or they pursued higher education and then begun working at a later stage. One of the negative impacts of education on a country is that by having too many educated persons, the labor market gets saturated thus resulting in a drop in the amount of wages that employers are willing to offer. In turn this acts as a demotivator of the labor force and may also result in brain drain whereby qualified personnel leave their mother country for better opportunities in other countries. The unemployed persons are normally seen resulting to social ills such as alcoholism, drug abuse and robbery amongst others. These social ills inturn dissuade local and foreign investors from putting their money in an unsafe country.

Papago Woman

Papago Woman, written by Ruth M. Underhill, is an ethnography of the life of a native american woman named Maria Chona, a member of the Southern Arizona Papago people located right outside of Tucson, Arizona on a reservation. Ruth lived among the Papago from 1931 till 1933. She studied the life of the Papago with her main subject an older Papago woman named Chona. She says at one point how she learned amongst these people and Chona, â€Å"I feel, nevertheless, that out of all this flurry there came the story as it had appeared in Chona's mind,† (27). By hearing the life of this Papago woman she learned about life as a Papago.To collect data about the Papago way of life and Chona, Ruth Underhill asked many questions. She was very forward with her questions at first because she had not yet known the Papago way of life, such as asking the name of Chona's dead son and not knowing that the name of the dead are not said out loud. Underhill integrated her life into that of the tribe. In the 3 years she stayed there she learned much through this method. She studied the language and Papago method of breathing by listening to the way they say their words and learned how they pronounce r's as l's and f's as p's.She also used translators along the way. Part one of the Papago woman describes Ruth Underhill's first encounter with the Papago people. Ruth goes to Tuscon, Arizona on a grant from Colombia University, the college she was attending, to live amongst this native american tribe in the southwest. Underhill drives to Arizona and meets a few friends living in Tuscon who tell her about the tribes people . They tell her how a few Papago come to their homes looking for work. They describe them as soft-spoken, brown people. Underhill inquired about any of the english speaking Papago she could meet.She is then introduced to a yardman, Rafeal, or Lapai in the language of his people. Lapai in turn takes her to meet a woman named Chona who lives on a reservation in an un furnished dwelling, similar to that of a cellar. Ruth listens with intent as Chona talks. Lapai translates the conversation for her. Throughout her stories, Ruth notices that Chona talks about how it used to be when she was a child. Ruth asks Chona about her family. She learns that Chona had two sons and a daughter but one son who was a medicine man died, the other is in Mexico, and the daughter got married and moved away.Ruth asks the name of Chona's dead soon and is met with an uncomfortable silence. Lapai tells Ruth that Chona had a sister who married a man named Lillat, whom she calls â€Å"husband-of-my-sister,† but died and Lillat was remarried with children (Underhill 5). They decided to go on a trip to visit Lillat and his family who lived far out on the reservation away from government headquarters. Soon they set out but not before the rest of the people living around Chona tried to all hitch a ride with Ruth to see Lillat. On the way, Ruth learned much about the lan d as the Papago know it.She learns about eating cholla during the dry season, or â€Å"hungry time,† (Underhill 8). Chona points to a white rock and tells Ruth about the kidnapping of the Papago woman by the Apache during the fall when the corn was ripe. Chona also mentions Coyote and I'itoi who are very important people in Papago stories of history. â€Å"Coyote,† she said, â€Å"helped put the world in order. Only he made mistakes,† (Underhill 9). She would not talk further about Coyote because, â€Å"These things about the Beginning are holy. They should not be told in the hot time when the snakes are out. The snakes guard our secrets.If we tell what is forbidden, they bite,† (Underhill 9). A few hours later they arrived at Lilliat's adobe home. In true Papago fashion, they waited to be welcomed. They all stood across from each other smiling. Lapai and Ruth were never introduced but instead were greeted with kind smiles of gratitude. She learned that t he Papago do not believe in sayings superficial things such as thank you but instead being welcomed through hospitality. With news of the guest arrival, the whole village came to eat at Lilliat's house. Before dinner began, the ways of child-rearing were viewed.The youngest son of Lilliat was told to â€Å"Shut the door,† and was not praised but instead allowed to sit on the men's side of the table. As dinner went on Ruth observed more and more of the Papago customs. Strangers were studied very carefully to see their true selves. Bedtime was early and the bed was on the ground. Early rising is custom of Papago because, â€Å"Papagos had learned how to deal with the sun and did not hate or fear it. Those who slept past the dawn light were set down as hopeless drones,† (Underhill 14). The day begin when men went to fill the water tanks.The water was shared and not thrown out with the guest being the first to use it. Women set to work with the meals for the day and basket -making. Later that day, a girl named Vela who could speak a little bit of english visited. She promised to help Ruth with translations. Ruth realized that her persistent questioning had been seen as ignorant and embarrassing to Chona. The women told Ruth about their job to bring the clouds to make rain. She soon discovered they would be taking a trip to gather cactus fruit to prepare wine for the rain festival.They rode to the sahuaro cactus to gather the pear-ish fruit. Ruth again learned about Coyote and I'itoi. â€Å"When I'itoi was furnishing the earth, he thought he would put sahuaro all over. Then everyone could have fruit without too much walking. But Coyote, he doesn't like work,† (Underhill 19). Coyote had not fully planted the seeds given to him by I'itoi to distribute the cacti and instead dropped them on the south hill. Then the cactus only grew on the south hill and not the north. The women gathered the cactus fruit and boiled it for the wine. Then it soon began to rain.Next, the people ventured to Lillat's parent village, Burnt Seeds, to gather for the rain festival. On their third night there the men dressed up for the dancing that would take place that night. They all gathered around a fire and danced and chanted in circles. The women picked the men they wanted and held hands to join in the dancing. They sang the same song continuously, â€Å"On the edge of the mountain, A cloud hangs. And there my heart, my heart, my heart, Hangs with it,† (Underhill 24). The next night when the wine had fermented the village gathered again to drink.This night was when they would drink until the wine was all gone which led to everyone getting drunk. The medicine man prophesied the rains would come after four days. A week from the night, the rains came and raged for a week. Once that ended the villagers once again gathered to sing and do work such a basket weaving. This chapter helps the ethnography by giving an example of Ruth's immersion into t he tribe by experiencing their traditions. In part two, Underhill begins by telling a little background on the Papago people and Chona. The origins of the Papago people are mentioned.They are closely related to the Pima people who live in lush lands near the border of Mexico. It is this reason that the Papago know them as the â€Å"River People† whilst the the Papago call themselves the â€Å"Desert People,† (Underhill 31). The Pima and the Papago were once one group split by the migration of the spanish missionaries. Since the desert had not attracted the church, the Pima, living in greater lands â€Å"adopted American names and American clothing, and by 1871 had an American school,† while the Papago people cherished their ancient way of life (Underhill 32).Ruth witnessed and documented the life of the Papago whilst studying the life of a 90 year old woman named Maria Chona, â€Å"She was the daughter of a prominent leader, Jose Maria, nicknamed Con Quien. â⠂¬  (Underhill 32). She loved her father and therefore â€Å"accepted her culture completely,† (Underhill 33). Ruth was able to write the biography with little fluency in the Papago language and with Chona knowing a small bit of Spanish. What Ruth noticed about the stories of the Papago was there repetitive nature. Small details that are not important to non-Papago natives are confusing.Things such as emotion were summed up in ways such as â€Å"I liked it,† or â€Å"I did not like it,† (Underhill 33). Chona wanted Ruth to write everything exactly as she told it but due to the emphasis on details and repetition, the non-native readers of the story would not be satisfied. Chona, we learn, â€Å"As a woman, she could not take part the ceremonial life,† but, â€Å"Chona accepted her status without stress or rancor,† (Underhill 34). She possessed an interesting background, one where she had two husbands. Her first husband was a shaman. Chona also had a co-wife, since polygamy was a norm amongst her people, whom she resented.She describes her home growing up. She lived at Mesquite Root in a grass house. Her father was the chief there. As a child the girls did not wear tops. Water was scarce and what was there was red in color, â€Å"Oh yes, our water was always red. It made the corn gruel red. I liked that earth taste in my food,† (Underhill 36). The men of the village would go to hunt without water because it was considered womanly to bring water along. Chona's mother would ground seeds to make flour while her father would listen to people problems. Her father also liked to gamble, gaining himself the nickname The Gambler.The men would smoke tobacco often during gambling. When it was time to eat, the dishes were not washed, â€Å"When we had finished we did not wash the dishes. How could we, with no water,† (Underhill 38). Due to water scarcity they were not able to bathe either. When the children would play the bo ys would catch rats and roast them for all to eat. They would also go to the racetrack to run. When they were hungry they would gather food planted by Elder Brother, â€Å"Elder Brother planted those things for us,† (Underhill 39). When it was time for rainy season, Chona would experience the same ritual that Ruth would years later picking the cactus fruit.During the time of menstruation, Chona's mother would enter into the Little House so as not to bring bad luck and death to her father during war. For the men if they were â€Å"Killers† then they would have to be purified (Underhill 41). This meant they were separated from their family for days. Everyone in the family would be cleansed and gain power from the dead enemy. In her family, Chona's grandfather had been a medicine man. Due to this association and her brother behavior it was known that he would be a medicine man. Chona's family was always sick.The medicine man would come to their house constantly to heal th em. He sang songs to cure what ailed them. Singing seemed to be a big part of Chona's life. It was natural to her family and soothing to her. People would dream of owls and then sing in front everyone so that the owls would go away, â€Å"People had to be sent for who had dreamed of owls, because that is how all songs come, by dreaming,† (Underhill 48). At one time an evil medicine man sent a a sickness that covered the whole village. So medicine men begin to walk into each hut waving branches to gather the sickness.Chona did not get as sick as everyone else did. She did begin to have visions. She saw things that no one else did but it was natural to her because of her family background. During summers the corn was planted. It was said that, â€Å"The corn was once a man and he lured a woman away to sleep with him,† (Underhill 52) They would sing about that encounter and plant the corn so that it would grow strong. Summers also made the people happy because it was when the rain would come. Ruth also gathered that from what she heard form Chona was that their was a story for every occurrence.So just like the corn, there was a story for the rain. The story was turned into singing that would help bring the rain along with the cactus festival. Like her father, Chona was hardworking, passionate, and a gambler. She was so good at gambling that she even beat a grown woman. As she got older she went through menses, â€Å"Girls are very dangerous at that time,† (Underhill 57). When girls go through menses they would bring lightning into the village and go to the Little House behind their families homes to prevent these occurrences that happen during menstruation.When her dangerous time came to an end after a month , she was bathed to prevent death to her family and her hair was washed with soapweed fibers, â€Å"That is the way women should always wash their hair and it will never grow gray,† (Underhill 59). During this period the girl would also grow very thin, â€Å"We girls are like strips of yucca fiber after our coming of age is over,† (Underhill 61). At cleansing she was named Cha-veela as is customary during this time. When it was time to marry, Chona did not know her husband. He was a medicine man's son.Her breast had grown large so it was her time marry. Her father told the boy's parents about the marriage and they agreed to it. The boy was told last about the marriage. Her father gave her advice on how to be a good wife, â€Å"That husband of yours, listen to him,† (Underhill 62). For the marriage they had to lie together in her hut with her mother beside her for four nights. This is how Papago are married and she moves in with him after. Her husband has three brothers but one is a man-woman, â€Å"The third brother was called Shining Evening and he was a man-woman,† (Underhill 64).After a while she became dangerous again and goes through menstruation. When she is integrated into the fami ly, the mother tattoos her chin with four black marks. At one point Chona goes with her husband to se a race against the River People. Her people won and received many items from the betting. Chona has her first child and becomes very superstitious as not to harm the child, â€Å"I was kind to the people in our village who looked sick or ugly, and I never laughed at them, so that my baby should have a good body,† (Underhill 66).Soon after, two of her husband's brothers marry. The wives always stayed with Shining Evening when the men were out, â€Å"We girls used to spend all day with that man-woman, Shining Evening,† (Underhill 67). Chona had six children with her husband, five of which were boys and one a girl. The boys all died. She would leave her babies at home sometimes to go help the Mexicans with their harvest. They were always on the lookout for Apaches, the enemy, and were almost killed. They vowed never to go to the Mexicans alone again. Her husband started h aving visions.He was a Coyote-Meeter, â€Å"When he had his medicine man's dreams, it was our comrade, Coyote, who came to him and sang him songs,† (Underhill 71). soon after her husband became a medicine man. After this occurrence her father died and the medicine men could not save him. They buried him with his blanket, pillows, and a few valuables. White men soon came and brought with them whisky. The men of the village would drink this and have visions like a medicine man would, â€Å"Men grew crazy when they drank that whiskey and they had visions,† (Underhill 74).For some time Chona would leave to visit other villages. One time when she was returning, she heard news that her husbands had married again. Chona was heartbroken and left him. She took her child and went to her brother. Her uncle who resided there married her to an old rich man despite her disagreement because women had no say in matters such as these. Her new husband brought her many things. She learne d that her first husband had grown sick and died upon hearing the news. He did not want his second wife and cried when he heard of Chona's marriage, â€Å"I never saw my first husband again.They told me when he heard of my new marriage he cried,† (Underhill 78). Soon after his death Chona caught falling hair sickness, a disease from the white people. A medicine man cured her and taught her how to cure. Chona has two sons from her second husband. One, a medicine man, died young because a wild woman was with him, â€Å"She lay with my son in the house when she should have been at the Little House,† (Underhill 85). Ruth learns that seven years prior to her arrival, Chona's second husband had died. After she was alone in her home she would go to visit her daughters home at Burnt Seeds village.This chapter helps the ethnography by having Ruth hear exactly what she came there to learn. It tells the life of an actual Papago women. Part three briefly talks about child-rearing amongst the Papago. Children are always surrounded, â€Å"The Papago child was born not into a single family but into a group,† (Underhill 89). The child is taught to be apart of the group and never seen as an annoyance. They learn action through observation. One of the most important was not to speak the name of the dead, â€Å"Because if the dead hear they may think you are calling them.And they will come and take you because they are so lonely,† (Underhill 90). Ruth also learns that a woman's place is not with the men. She had realized how separated things were between the sexes. The woman told her they do not fret because, â€Å"Why should we envy men? We made the men,† (Underhill 92). Another thing she noticed was the lack of love stories among the Papago. The woman told her that there were love songs and stories but not many. Woman would also become enamored with the men bringing back scalps and chase after them, â€Å"Some women went crazy and ran after men-but it was the ‘scalps,'† (93).The Papago in the present are also talked about. Ruth says, â€Å"By the time of my visit, the Bureau of Indian Affairs had moved in,† (94) and they were soon introduced to more modern ways. Men joined the army learning english and schools were built. The Papago today vote and have dictionaries in their own language. This chapter helps the ethnography by giving a short insight on the child-rearing, love amongst the Papago, and present day Papago. The most important issues of the ethnographer seemed to be retelling the story in a way that readers could understand.Ruth mentions this in the beginning of chapter two about the way the story was told in traditional indian style which is confusing to outsiders. The most important aspect of interpreting things like this seems to be that the observer must live amongst the people to fully understand their ways and interpret them for others. This is the same for the film â€Å" A Man Calle d Bee† and the Yanomamo text. The perspective of the ethnographer is that the Papago people are so different from the outside world; soft-spoken and tribal in their ways.This colored her analysis through her main focus on an older resident of the tribe who had grown up the Papago way. The ethnographers methods are convincing because she relays a story just like it was told to her and includes her experience amongst the people making the report all the more convincing. Ruth does not necessarily generalize her findings because she tells of the present Papago, interviews, and has older tribe member giving a story on that side of life, and includes the writer's own experience at the rain festival.This ethnography helped me to see how an older people lived. The Papago are ancient in their ways and I see that when I compare their way of life to my own. Ruth reinforced my assumptions about human behavior mostly when she described the ways men and women were separated and seen in diff erent lights, much like today. Works Cited Underhill, R. M. U. (1979). Papago Woman. (Reprint ed. , Vol. 1, p. 98). Prospect Heights, Illinois: Waveland Press, Inc.